Saturday, July 12, 2014

Vijaya Engineering College

Low-cost, Effective Wireless Security Solution

Security hub inducted into an ordinary modem/router

The wireless security hub by Maven Systems is a security solution for homes and small offices that can detect and report fire, gas leakage or intrusion. The alerts are almost real-time (within minutes of the detection), and the information reaches the owner, neighbours and security guards in the housing colony or workplace almost instantaneously.

Flashback
Suhas Jain, project manager, Maven Systems, says, “Safety and security is a must-have in today’s world. However, most of today’s systems require advanced planning to install such systems. This means existing houses need chiseling of walls for laying additional cables. Owners are looking for a solution which doesn’t require any new wiring, yet takes maximum advantage of their telecom and Internet connectivity.”

System components
The wireless security hub houses a host of components to communicate intrusions and other security parameters to the respective devices:

RF adaptor. The hub makes use of an adaptor that connects via USB to the Wi-Fi router. The adaptor now communicates with other radio frequency (RF) sensors used, viz, door sensor, motion sensor, smoke sensor and occupancy sensor. It houses Texas Instruments’ MSP430 microcontroller unit as well as the RF CC1101 chipset interfaced over serial peripheral interface (SPI) to the MSP430.

The RF adaptor communicates with the OpenWrt module router over a universal asynchronous receiver/ transmitter (UART). The data received from the RF module is used by the application in the OpenWrt router to send a notification to all the connected devices.

Door sensor. This sensor uses a TIMSP430 MCU and a CC1101 chipset. It sends messages to the router and to all connected devices in the area.

Motion sensor module. It uses a motion sensor incorporating TI’s CC1101 chipset. The wireless communication is done over sub-1GHz RF.

Working
The most distinguishing part of this product is that you don’t need a control panel at all. The product makes use of a Wi Fi access point as the burglar alarm panel. Wireless repeaters are provided to boost the range. Enduser touch points are smartphones like iPhone, BlackBerry and Android phones.


MSP430
The MSP430 is a mixed-signal microcontroller family. Built around a 16- bit CPU, the MSP430 is designed for lowcost, specifically low-power-consuming, embedded applications.

“Our product makes use of gadgets already present in the house. Existing smartphones are used for user interaction with the system. An existing Internet router/access point is used as the security panel. Battery life of offthe- shelf wireless sensors is enhanced by augmenting them with an RF board. Range is increased using RF repeaters and mesh network algorithms so as to suit even large, multi-storied buildings,” explains Jain.


“When leaving home, the owner puts the system in ‘arm’ mode, which basically activates the security features and enables all the sensors. In case any sensor detects an event (such as opening of the door, movement or breaking of glass), it waits for 30 seconds to allow the user to enter valid pin. If that does not happen, it sends a distress signal to the home owner, neighbours and the security guard(s) of the colony,” adds Dhananjay Kulkarni, project manager, Maven Systems.

RF adaptor used in the wireless security hub

How the system stands out
The product can integrate seamlessly into existing consumer product lines.

“As new smartphones get released, the end-user will automatically have better features. Depending on the security needs, the user can choose from hundreds of readily available sensors. Existing Internet connectivity (or later versions like 3G and 4G) will be used. In short, we have a system that does not lock the user in with limited proprietary options. Instead, we allow the user to pick any item from the consumer market and use it to build the system. This allows the user to leverage the huge number of lowcost options available in the consumer market space and build a customised solution,” explains Kulkarni.

CC1101
The CC1101 is a high-sensitivity, lowpower, sub-1GHz RF transceiver designed for very low-power wireless applications. In addition, it provides extensive hardware support for packet handling, data buffering, burst transmissions, clear channel assessment, link-quality indication and wake-on radio.
While the MSP430 chip consumes very little power, the CC1101 chipset has a 12dBm output which can cover an area of around three floors of 111 sq.m each. Hence most homes looking for a cheap yet effective system of security would benefit greatly from this product.

Challenges
From concept to field testing, the project took only about six months.

“Actually, it was all down to the huge experience of our team in the field along with our close interaction with silicon vendors. The only challenge during the project was battery life of the wireless sensors. With some clever algorithms, we have managed to almost double the standard life of two years,” informs Jain.

Explaining clever algorithms, Jain asserts, “We followed the smarter path. Instead of trying to reinvent the wheel, we made use of readymade, off-the-shelf components so we could leverage advantage of the volumes associated with mobile phones, Wi-Fi access points and sensors.”

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Article by
ECE Department
Vijaya Engineering College



Vijaya Engineering College

Selecting the perfect Cortex-M based MCU for Industrial Automation

The ARM Cortex-M is a group of 32-bit RISC ARM processor core that is licensed by ARM. This group consists of Cortex-M0, Cortex-M0+, Cortex-M1, Cortex-M3 and Cortex-M4 and these are designed to be used for microcontroller applications.  Most of the Cortex-M based microcontrollers are used in Industrial automation applications due to their lower cost, increasing connectivity, better code reuse and improved energy efficiency. This ARM Cortex-M core provides the pipeline processing of data, which means that the data is executed one after the other in a streamlined manner.

The binary instructions available for Cortex-M0 can easily be executed on Cortex-M3 and M4. It has a smaller core and this enables it to have lower chip prices. It requires just 13.36 µW/MHz dynamic power, which makes it incredibly energy efficient. It follows 3 stage pipeline of data processing that allows overlapping data processing, which in turn maximises the data throughput of the system. Cortex-M0 core is integrated in to the Infineon's 32-bit XMC1000 NXP's LPC1200, STM32 F0 series and Nuvoton's NuMicro™ for industrial applications.
It is the most energy efficient ARM processor available that achieves a power consumption of just 9.8µW/MHz. This processor has the memory protection unit (MPU), a feature usually present only in the bigger Cortex-M3 and Cortex-M4 processors. It is based on the ARMv6-M architecture, which follows 2 stage pipeline for data processing, where data is read from or written to SRAM in one stage and data is read from or written to memory in the other stage. It also offers single-cycle I/O port and non-maskable interrupts (NMI) along with 32 physical interrupts. Moreover, its ability for multiple processing with the same instruction sets present in Cortex-M0 makes it quick and simple. Atmel SAM D20, Energy Micro EFM32 Zero, Freescale Kinetis L and NXP LPC800 are few of the microcontrollers that have Cortex-M0+ based core that can be used in an industrial automation application.

The key feature of ARM Cortex-M3 core is its hardware support for its deterministic behavior which replaces the use of two chip for motor control with one MCU. Up to 50 MHz operation can be conducted with 32-bit ARM Cortex-M3 architecture. It is the first ARM processor based on the ARMv7-M architecture and the Harvard architecture. Cortex-M3 does not fetch data from caches but, directly from the on-chip flash memory. It follows a 3-stage pipeline for data processing with branch speculation to further increase performance. With all this, it still requires just 32 µW/MHz dynamic power. Some examples are Atmel's SAM3X, SAM3U and SAM3A series of MCUs and Texas Instrument's (TI) Stellaris® LM3S9B96 MCU.

The latest processor in the market is the ARM Cortex-M4 which implements the ARMv7E-M architecture. It allows to integrate 32-bit control with leading digital signal processing techniques for markets that require very high levels of energy efficiency and also offers branch speculation, which eliminates steps that are not required. It has up to 240 Wake-up Interrupts and an optional retention mode with ARM power management kit. It offers 30% smaller code size than 8-bit devices with no compromise on performance. It supports all single precision data processing instructions and data types, and maximizes software reuse while supporting deterministic operation. Infineon's XMC4000 and Atmel's SAM4E series of 32-bit ARM Cortex-M4 based Flash microcontrollers are some examples in this space.


MB9B560R is a series of microcontroller introduced by Fujitsu Semiconductor Ltd. It operates on a power supply range from 3V to 5V. It includes many memory options including SRAM, NOR flash, NAND flash and SDRAM. It features an ultra-wide bus for on board flash memory that enables read access with no CPU wait state – speeding processing and reducing power requirements.

Feature-wise difference between these sets of microcontrollers-


The most energy efficient ARM MCUs are based on the Cortex-M0+
It is the most energy efficient ARM processor available that achieves a power consumption of just 9.8µW/MHz. This processor has the memory protection unit (MPU), a feature usually present only in the bigger Cortex-M3 and Cortex-M4 processors. It is based on the ARMv6-M architecture, which follows 2 stage pipeline for data processing, where data is read from or written to SRAM in one stage and data is read from or written to memory in the other stage. It also offers single-cycle I/O port and non-maskable interrupts (NMI) along with 32 physical interrupts. Moreover, its ability for multiple processing with the same instruction sets present in Cortex-M0 makes it quick and simple. Atmel SAM D20, Energy Micro EFM32 Zero, Freescale Kinetis L and NXP LPC800 are few of the microcontrollers that have Cortex-M0+ based core that can be used in an industrial automation application.


The Kinetis L series MCUs bring new design possibilities to the entry level applications that were previously limited by 8/16 bit MCU capabilities. It supplements the low power Cortex-M0+ core with the latest low-power 90nm flash technology at less than 50µA/MHz, platform design, operating modes and energy saving peripherals. This series of MCUs (both hardware and software) are compatible with the ARM Cortex-M4 based Kinetis K series microcontrollers. On the other hand, the LPC800 is a family of microcontrollers that is available in low pin count packages and offers low count peripherals. It addresses 8-bit application requirements while providing the 32 bit capabilities. This family has a unique device serial number for identification and also supports Flash in-application programming (IAP) along with in-system programming (ISP). This is a very useful feature that increases productivity by allowing the designer to program the device without even removing it from the circuit board.


SAM D20 has a fast and flexible interrupt controller. This is a family of microcontrollers introduced by Atmel. They contain multiple instances of Serial Communication Interface (SERCOM).

Feature-wise difference between the three sets of microcontrollers-


The Highly Deterministic ARM MCUs are based on the Cortex-M3

The key feature of ARM Cortex-M3 core is its hardware support for its deterministic behavior which replaces the use of two chip for motor control with one MCU. Up to 50 MHz operation can be conducted with 32-bit ARM Cortex-M3 architecture. It is the first ARM processor based on the ARMv7-M architecture and the Harvard architecture. Cortex-M3 does not fetch data from caches but, directly from the on-chip flash memory. It follows a 3-stage pipeline for data processing with branch speculation to further increase performance. With all this, it still requires just 32 µW/MHz dynamic power. Some examples are Atmel's SAM3X, SAM3U and SAM3A series of MCUs and Texas Instrument's (TI) Stellaris® LM3S9B96 MCU.


The LM3S9B96 MCU generates efficient use of available raw MIPS and also utilize Flash memory to the maximum. Its available in 100 pin LQFP and 108 ball BGA package options.

The SAM3X and SAM3A embedded devices feature a dual-bank configuration of 256KB and 512KB Flash total and are available in 100-pin, 144-pin QFP and BGA package options. It is ideal for networking applications in Industrial automation projects. On the other hand, the SAM3U series provides an on-chip high speed USB Device-and-Transceiver, SDIO/SD Card/MMC and SPI interfaces thus, allowing a fast uploading and downloading of data. It offers a plug and play high-speed serial inter-connectivity. It improves code protection and secures multiple execution of a task or an application.

The ADUCM361 is a low power precision analog microcontroller introduced by Analog Devices, which features the Single Sigma-Delta ADC. This particular feature allows direct interfacing of external precision sensors in both wired and battery powered applications.

Feature-wise difference between these sets of microcontrollers-


Cortex-M3 plus DSP equals Cortex-M4 
The latest processor in the market is the ARM Cortex-M4 which implements the ARMv7E-M architecture. It allows to integrate 32-bit control with leading digital signal processing techniques for markets that require very high levels of energy efficiency and also offers branch speculation, which eliminates steps that are not required. It has up to 240 Wake-up Interrupts and an optional retention mode with ARM power management kit. It offers 30% smaller code size than 8-bit devices with no compromise on performance. It supports all single precision data processing instructions and data types, and maximizes software reuse while supporting deterministic operation. Infineon's XMC4000 and Atmel's SAM4E series of 32-bit ARM Cortex-M4 based Flash microcontrollers are some examples in this space.

XMC4000 features Infineon's powerful peripheral set that can be configured to specific application requirements. It has been designed to further improve on energy efficiency, support advanced communication protocols and reduce time to market. It also features a Flexible CRC engine (FCE) for multiple bit error detection. On the other hand, the SAM4E series offers a rich set of advanced connectivity peripherals including 10/100Mbps Ethernet MAC supporting IEEE 1588, dual CAN and a full set of timing and control functions, which makes it ideal for building control and industrial automation applications.


If you also intend to implement a sophisticated GUI, the STM32 F4 is what you need to look at. A series of microcontroller launched by ST Microelectronics, this MCU supports Chrom-ART Accelerator which offers twice the performance for graphic content creation and manipulation.

MB9B560R is a series of microcontroller introduced by Fujitsu Semiconductor Ltd. It operates on a power supply range from 3V to 5V. It includes many memory options including SRAM, NOR flash, NAND flash and SDRAM. It features an ultra-wide bus for on board flash memory that enables read access with no CPU wait state – speeding processing and reducing power requirements.


Feature-wise difference between these sets of microcontrollers-


This shows how many different MCUs are present in the country today with many different features. This article can help us relate their features with the requirements of our projects. If we want an inexpensive microcontroller with the smallest processor size then we can use the Cortex-M0 core based ones. However, if our project requires a more energy efficient processor than the M0, then it should have a Cortex-M0+ core. If energy requirements are less of an issue and what you would rather have is better performance, then you can get a highly deterministic MCU based on the Cortex-M3 core. A project that requires high deterministic processor with digital signal processing for a high processing speed as well as improved graphics support for a more impressive GUI would work better with an MCU based on the Cortex-M4 processor.

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Article by
Mechanical Engineering Department
Vijaya Engineering College

Vijaya Engineering College

Vijaya Engineering College

Atomtronics trying to replace Electronics

Electronics is the field of electron movement in the circuits governed by the use of wires, silicon and electricity. All modern electronic devices contain transistors as the fundamental building blocks. Until recently, electronics had been based on a single property of electrons—their charge. But now physicists have begun to exploit another property—electron spin.

So-called spintronics promises to revolutionise electronics because it allows information to be encoded in an entirely new way. Though electronics is bestowed with a large number of inherited advantages, but in the era of quantum electronics it is facing new challenges. Because electrons lose any possible initial quantum state as they bounce around through the energy-dissipating semiconductor or metallic systems, they are ill-equipped for quantum computing.

Atomtronics
We all have heard of electronics, mechatronics and maybe even spintronics, but the latest buzzword doing the rounds of physics labs is atomtronics—the science of creating circuits, devices and materials using ultra-cold atoms instead of electrons. What if atoms could be used to perform the functions that are currently the province of electronic devices? The goal of atomtronics is to do just that by creating analogues to the common items found in electronic and spintronic devices.

Physicists Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein proposed in 1924 that large numbers of atoms could be chilled to the point that they joined together in a single quantum state, bringing subatomic effects to a scale accessible by laboratory experiments. But it wasn’t until 1995 that scientists made a Bose-Einstein condensate (ultra-cold gas) using lasers to carefully cool rubidium-87 atoms down to temperatures less than a millionth of a degree above absolute zero. The 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics celebrated this accomplishment, which was also achieved using sodium atoms.

Atomtronics is a young and mostly theoretical field based on the idea that atoms in unusual quantum states of matter may provide an alternative to the tried-and-true electron for making useful devices. The field’sproponents have drawn up blueprints for atomic versions of many traditional electronic components—from wires and batteries to transistors and diodes. The idea is to manipulate neutral atoms using lasers in a way that mimics the behaviour of electrons in wires, transistors and logic gates.

In atomtronics, the current carriers in electronics (electrons) are replaced with neutral, ultra-cold atoms; the  semiconductor material that the electrons traverse is replaced with an optical lattice; and the electric potential difference, which induces the flow of electrons around the circuit, is replaced by a chemical potential difference.

Over the last decade or two, physicists have become masters at creating optical lattices in which atoms can be pushed, pulled and prodded at will. This optical property of atoms has not attracted much attention of workers but now people have begun a program to put tame atoms to work. The problem is that atoms don’t behave like electrons. So, building the atomtronic equivalent of something even as straightforward as a simple circuit consisting of a battery and resistor in series requires some thinking out of the box.

The dynamics of atoms in optical lattices, which are basically crystals of light, has  been studied theoretically and experimentally for many years now. It is just a further addition to this field by theoretically demonstrating that the electronic properties of the diode and transistor can be observed in specifically tailored optical lattices.

Researchers believe that it is possible to emulate the behaviour of a semiconductor diode in these atomic systems. For example, simulations show that this augmented optical lattice will allow atoms to flow acros it from left to right, but forbids the atoms to traverse the lattice going the other way.

Ultra-cold atoms have interesting properties that conventional materials lack—superfuidity, superconductivity and coherence, to name just three. Being cold, they are also well-behaved enough to be manipulated by lasers. When several are held in a line or an array, these can link in a way that is governed by the laws of quantum mechanics and then the fun really starts.

These can be used to measure time on unimaginably short time-scales, can carry out simple calculations and may even form the basis of future quantum computers. Almost all of the atomtronics pioneers hope that for certain applications atoms will prove to be more interesting than electrons.


Fig. 1: Atoms spun by laser beams

The motivation to construct and study atomtronic analogues of electronic systems comes from several directions:
1. The experimental atomtronic realisations promise to be extremely clean. Imperfections such as lattice defects or phonons can be completely eliminated. This allows one to study an idealised system from which all inessential complications have been stripped.

Consequently, one may obtain an improved understanding of the essential requirements that make certain electronic devices work. It is possible that a deeper understanding may provide feedback to the design of conventional electronic systems leading to future improvements. This lies parallel to the recent interest in single-electron transistors in mesoscopic systems and molecules, where many themes common with atomtronics emerge.

A consequence of the near-ideal experimental conditions for optical lattice systems is that theoretical descriptions for atomtronic systems can be developed from firstprinciples. This allows theorists to develop detailed models that can reliably predict the properties of devices.

2. Atomtronic systems are richer than their electronic counterparts because atoms possess more internal degrees of freedom than electrons. Atoms can be either bosons or fermions, and the interactions between these can be widely varied from short to long range and from strong to weak. This can lead to behavior that is qualitatively different to that of electronics.

Consequently, one can study repulsive, attractive or even non-interacting atoms in the same experimental setup. Additionally, current experimental techniques allow the detection of atoms with fast, state-resolved and near-unit quantum efficiency. Thus it is possible in principle, to follow the dynamics of an atomtronic system in real time.

3. Neutral atoms in optical lattices can be well isolated from the environment, reducing de-coherence. These combine a powerful means of state readout and preparation, with methods for entangling atoms. Such systems have all the necessary ingredients to be the building blocks of quantum signal processors. The close analogies with electronic devices can serve as a guide in the search for new quantum information architectures, including novel types of quantum logic gates that are closely tied with the conventional architecture in electronic computers.

4. Recent experiments studying transport properties of ultra-cold atoms in optical lattices can be discussed in the context of the atomtronics framework. In particular, one can model the short-time transport properties of an optical lattice with the open quantum system formalism discussed here.

Latest developments
The atoms placed in an optical lattice, when super-cooled to form Bose-Einstein condensates, may form states analogous to electrons in solid-state crystalline media such as semiconductors. Impurity doping allows the creation of n- and p-type semiconductor analogue states, and an atomtronic battery can be created by maintaining two contacts at different chemical potentials. Analogues to diodes and transistors have also been theoretically demonstrated. 

Although atomtronic devices have yet to be realised experimentally, the properties of condensed atoms offer a wide range of possible applications. The use of ultra-cold atoms allows for circuit elements, which further allow for the coherent flow of information and may be useful in connecting classical electronic devices and quantum computers.

The use of atomtronics may allow for quantum computers that work on macroscopic scales and do not require the technological precision of laser-controlled few-ion computing methods. Since the atoms are Bose condensed, they have the property of superfluidity and, therefore, have resistance-less current in which no energy is lost or heat is dissipated, similar to superconducting electronic devices. The vast knowledge of electronics may be leveraged to easily adapt to ultra-cold atomic atomtronic circuits.

Physicists have developed a new type of circuit that is little more than a puff of gas dancing in laser beams. By choreographing the atoms of the ultra-cold gas to flowas a current that can be controlled and switched on and off, the scientists have taken a step toward building the world’s first‘atomtronic’ device.

The research team used Bose-Einstein condensate to make atomtronic sensors. The team reports creating this gas by cooling sodium atoms suspended in magnetic felds. Researchers then trapped the atoms in a pair of crossed laser beams and further chilled the atoms to less than 10-billionths of a degree above absolute zero. The two beams also shaped the condensate that formed at these low temperatures into a flattened dough-nut with a radius of about 20 micrometre.

A second pair of lasers transferred energy to the dough-nut to start its rotation. Because atoms in the condensate behave as a single, coherent quantum particle, such a ring of the substance does not speed up or slow down gradually. It jumps between different speeds, much like a blender would, if it could change settings instantaneously. 

The scientists chose the lowest setting for their ring; about one revolution every second. Because the condensate also happens to be frictionless, this ring should, in theory, rotate forever. Limited by technical diffiulties, the research team kept it going for about 40 seconds—the lifetime of their condensate.

Scientists believed that Bose-Einstein condensate could provide an extremely sensitive rotation sensor. They added a ‘weak link’ to their condensate ring—a barrier created by a blue laser that could speed up or shut down the flow. Theoretically, if the condensate were kept still and the barrier was attached to a rotating sensor, the barrier would cause a sudden jump in current at certain rotation speeds.

Atomtronic devices
The atoms in the condensate flow as a current, which can be switched on and off like a normal circuit. Atomtronics uses atoms in strange quantum states to power devices or computer memory. This is different from spintronics, which stores information based on the spin of individual electrons, allowing each one to store two bits of data instead of one.

Computer scientists and particle physicists have made several advances in these fields in the past several months. Using atoms instead of electrons to process information could change the way we think about computing. In quantum computing we store a quantum state on an object, perform operations on the object and then read out the final state. If the system is not coherent, the initial stored information is lost.

Fig2 .  Atomtronic analogy to diode circuit
Atoms trapped in optical lattices have been considered extensively for specific quantum computing schemes due to their inherent energy conserving characteristics. Therefore the dynamics of atomtronic devices would be coherent and potentially useful in quantum computing. It is also suggested that there is the possibility that atomtronics could be useful in obtaining sensitive measurements. It is thus concluded that atomtronic systems provide a nice test of fundamental concepts in condensed matter physics. While these ideas have been modeled, they are yet to be built. 

Atomtronic diode
Atomtronic diode is a device that allows an atomic flux to flow across it in essentially only one direction. The atomtronic analogy of a diode is formed from the joining of p- and n-type semiconductor materials. Electrons are replaced by ultra-cold atoms, the battery is replaced by high and low chemical potential reservoirs, and the metallic crystal lattices (the microscopic medium that the electrons traverse) are replaced by an optical lattice. The atomtronic diode is achieved by energetically shifting one-half of the optical lattice with respect to the other. 

The wires and atomtronic components are composed of optical lattices, and current refers to the number of atoms that pass a specific point in a given amount of time. The desired function of an atomtronic transistor is to enable a weak atomtronic current to be amplified, or to switch on or off a much larger one. The team has also modeled an atomtronic transistor. The atomtronic version of transistor exhibits on/off switching behavior and acts as an amplifier.

By configuring the optical lattice in a manner researchers show that it is possible to recover the characteristics of the conventional electronic transistor in the atomic world.

Limitations of atomtronics
Scientists are hoping to use the condensate in the way that superconductors have been used to make improved devices and sensors. Idea for a useful device was inspired by superconducting quantum interference devices, commonly known as SQUIDs. Scientists also believe that Bose-Einstein condensate could provide an extremely sensitive rotation sensor.

It is pointed out, however, that atomtronics probably won’t replace electronics as atoms are sluggish compared to electrons. This means it might be difficult to replace fast electronic devices with sluggish atomtronic devices.

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Article by
ECE Department
Vijaya Engineering College

Vijaya Engineering College

Friday, May 2, 2014

Vijaya Engineering College - Courses



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